ROSYJSKA RAKIETA NOŚNA PROTON (8K82K) Z MODUŁEM STACJI ORBITALNEJ SALYUT 1 , 1971 ROK

The Proton (officially designated UR-500) is a Soviet carrier rocket from the post-war period that was first launched in 1965. The rocket's take-off weight is approximately 585 tons. It could carry a payload of up to 12 tons into a low Earth orbit. The rocket was developed at Zakłady im. Chruniczewo in Moscow. Originally, it was assumed that the UR-500 missile would be an ICBM capable of carrying nuclear charges up to 10 MG. However, the size of the rocket, as well as the relatively long - for a military missile - preparatory procedure thwarted these plans. The Proton, however, turned out to be quite a valuable carrier rocket. It was true that in the years 1965-1970 he had many problems, but they were systematically removed and improved, significantly increasing the reliability of the rocket. It is worth adding that in 1967 a modernized version of the rocket called Proton K appeared, with a higher take-off mass and capable of carrying higher masses into orbit around the Earth. In 2001, the first launch of the Proton M rocket, capable of delivering a payload of 22 tons into orbit, took place. It is worth noting that the Proton rockets carried into orbit the Salyut stations, many elements of the MIR station and several modules of the International Space Station.Salut 1 (also known as DOS-1 or Zarja) is a Soviet space station from the post-war period. It was launched into space in April 1971 and returned to Earth in October of the same year. The length of the station was 15.8 meters with a maximum diameter of 4.15 meters. In turn, its take-off weight was 18,900 kilograms. Salut 1 was the first orbital station in the history of astronautics to be placed in orbit around the Earth. It was launched into space from the Baikonur cosmodrome in today's Kazakhstan without a crew, and its designers did not expect the station to return to Earth. In April and June 1971, two manned flights were launched to the station as part of the Alliance 10 and Alliance 11 missions. The crew of the latter managed to successfully moor to the station and spend 23 days on board. The return of the Alliance 11 mission to Earth ended badly, because as a result of a failure of one of the systems, the spacecraft crashed and its entire crew died. For this reason, subsequent manned missions to the Salut 1 station were canceled.